Knowledge centre
Oral cancer
Oral cancer is a leading cancer in India and is closely tied to tobacco and areca nut. A mouth change that lasts more than two weeks should be seen, even if it does not hurt.
Risk factors
- Gutka, khaini, zarda, betel quid, and other smokeless tobacco
- Areca nut by itself
- Smoking and alcohol
- A sharp tooth or denture rubbing the same spot
Prevention
- Stopping tobacco and areca nut is the most effective step
- Use the national tobacco quitline, 1800-11-2356, or a local cessation clinic
- Repair sharp teeth and ill-fitting dentures
- Look in a mirror once a month if you have used tobacco
Early signs
- An ulcer, lump, or thick patch that lasts beyond two weeks
- White, red, or mixed patches
- Difficulty opening the mouth, chewing, or moving the tongue
- Unexplained loose teeth, or a neck lump
Screening
Oral visual inspection by a trained health worker or dentist is the practical screening method in India, especially for people who use tobacco or areca nut.
A biopsy is the way to confirm a suspicious patch. A scrape or a photo is not a diagnosis.
Treatment overview
Small cancers may be treated with surgery or radiotherapy. Larger cancers often need combined treatment and reconstruction. Early assessment keeps more treatment choices open.
Survivorship
Speech, chewing, and appearance can change. Dental follow-up, jaw physiotherapy, and a dietitian help. Family support matters during this recovery.